Cross country classes

Posted on July 19, 2013 by knlistman

Map_students2 copyWorking on training projects with teams members across the US and Canada gave me a  taste of the difficulty that occurs with on-line collaboration.  At first, I was reluctant to bother other team members except as required. However I soon found regular verbal communication essential for me and appreciated by the others. I felt I knew one member so well from constant phone conversations, that I was shocked to see what he actually looked like. E-learning classes are an excellent place to learn the skills that make remote teams click. Instructors have an additional challenge designing collaborative course work, because companies have a more established structure for remote teams.

Start by selecting software that enables student communication. A well designed Learning Management System (LMS) makes a huge difference. Students should be able to create “profiles” for the course in the same manner that they might do on a social networking sight like Facebook or LinkedIn. In addition to employment or educational goals and interests this should contain a personal statement about why they are taking the course. This kind of profile helps the instructor chose groups that are diverse, splitting up those that work together, live near each other or having similar interests, so all students will have to make an effort to collaborate. Student groups should ideally be between 4 and 6 people: groups smaller than 4 will struggle if anyone doesn’t participate; groups larger than 6 will splinter into smaller groups, or fail to bond.

Courses should provide access to chat rooms and ideally telephone conferencing in addition to boards or wikis. As part of the requirements for collaborative work students need to set up and document the role of each member. They also need to coordinate and conduct synchronous on-line meetings, keeping a record of what has been accomplished in each. Students are more responsible to others in their group if they have a chance to give and receive immediate feedback from other members.

Don’t assume students know professional behavior for internet communication. Course documents should describe briefly describe standards for appropriate on-line behavior. You can have students cc all e-mails between group members to instructor (this is done by management in some businesses). You also need to develop a subject line indication to for e-mails that require a response from you. (You might need to remind them that it is proper netiquette to include a subject line in all e-mails.)

The last and stickiest subject is how to allow team members to rate their fellow classmates. If this is not part of the grade, some students will be working much harder than others on the collaborative projects without any additional benefit. Students should not grade the work produced by others, but rate the amount of effort for each member and how well that person worked with group. They also shouldn’t be able to affect another student negatively without a legitimate supporting argument.

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Unwilling to share

Posted on July 18, 2013 by knlistman

A-fest12 003cWhen secondary students think about collaboration on the Internet, it might mean spreading news about a party using Facebook, or spending a night battling in StarCraft with players across the continent. Throw the word “education” into the mix and they think about finding the website from which the teacher copied the last physics worksheet in order to locate the answers (or at least an explanation of how to solve the problems). They might agree to split their assigned novel among a small group of friends. Then, they exchange plot and character notes so that nobody has to read more than one hundred pages. The tendency is to see the Internet as a place from which they can glean information or comment as they please. However, even “digital natives” often flounder when it is their responsibility to start up or maintain an active collaboration on-line for a class.

Collaborative learning has long been held forth as a force to help students to move into new areas of critical thinking that they cannot master on their own. [1]  Despite the increasing amount of hours spent on-line, students often seem to lack expertise, or desire to work in a group over the Internet. Their reluctance to do this seems to be for the same reasons many dislike group work in class. They may feel they have little control over the quality of the end product; they worry about  having to do more work to make up for a lazy class mate; or the sometimes coordination and time required is just too much trouble.[2]

Having taken college courses both in classrooms and on-line, I found that there were subtle advantages to direct human interaction when one must collaborate. Being able to read facial expressions, tone of voice and provide immediate feedback help reduce repetitive instructions. Expressing complex, creative ideas that were not easily comprehended was difficult in on-line chat and boards, so most people did not try to do this. Students repeated catch phrases that were light on real content. Many of the posts were so very similar that there seemed to be little point in reading them all. Even “private” e-mails and chat tended to have carefully thought out, conformist tone. Instructors required that students contribute to on-line discussions boards, otherwise many students who were talkative in class would be silent on an electronic interface.

Collaborative learning on the Internet may not be spontaneous, but creative sharing and learning can still exist. The instructor has to consciously plan to get students to buy into this. What does this require?

  1. Structuring courses so that on-line collaboration is integral part of learning
  2. Determine appropriate group size for various collaborative activities
  3. Using software that enables student communication without too steep of a learning curve
  4. Providing data-bases of information to keep students from wandering aimlessly on the web
  5. Setting up guidelines for appropriate on-line community behavior.
  6. Modeling on-line community behavior as an instructor by vigilant reviewing and feedback.

Use of the Internet is not a “magic bullet” to ensure learning, but a new medium for transmitting information. The instructor must be aware of  how it alters the way students learn to use it effectively.

“It may seem trivial to say that a medium has no effect in general, but the history of educational technology shows that every new technology (television, computers, hypertexts, multimedia, Internet, virtual reality, …) raise a wave of naive expectations regarding to the intrinsic effects of these technologies.”[3]

[1]Vygotsky, L.S. Mind in Society, Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1978 p. 79-91
[2]Chiong, Raymond & Jovanovic, Jelena. Collaborative Learning in Online Study Groups:  An Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective Journal of Information Technology Education: Research  Volume 11, 2012, p. 82.
[3] Dillenbourg, P., Schneider, D.K. & Synteta, P. (2002) “Virtual Learning Environments” in A. Dimitracopoulou (Ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd Hellenic Conference Information & CommunicationTechnologies in Education (pp.3-18) Kastaniotis Editions, Greece
http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/07/01/PDF/Dillernbourg-Pierre-2002a.pdf (accessed Dec. 28, 2012)

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Collaborative confusion

Posted on July 17, 2013 by knlistman

Dec_2012 045 cMy husband related to me what happened when he accompanied our daughter into the establishment of an “exclusive” tea vendor. Her conversation with the clerk about variations of gyokuro, roibos, oolong and yerba left him bewildered; it was so much incomprehensible tea jargon. When she asked about buying bagged tea as a gift, the clerk immediately started into her pitch on the superiority of loose leaf tea. Our daughter stood there overwhelmed, not sure how to respond to the persuasive outpouring. Finally, the clerk concluded with the assertion that “Loose leaf tea is one hundred times better!”

Our daughter stared at the clerk blankly for a ten seconds, stunned unable to speak. Then she slowly replied “One hundred times better … really?” in a tone of appropriate disbelief.

My husband said it was hard to suppress a laugh, the hyperbole had been dealt a blow. However, he felt our daughter had a short coming in not knowing how to speak in manner that he refers to as “bull.” He defines this as conversing with mostly meaningless fluff, just to let people know you are listening and give them enough affirmation that they are not offended when you turn away, completely ignoring what they have said. I tried to explain how our daughter did not like small talk without any real exchange in information.

This difference in communication reminded me of the difficultly in actually obtaining information on the internet. Collaborative learning through social networking sites can be a real chore. People willingly provide responses, but they are not necessarily the ones that know the answers. The exchange of viable information can be minimal.  When I post a question about the best way to create video for classrooms, I must read through theoretical jargon, sales pitches, meaningless affirmation, and sarcastic criticism to find any useful information. I am left with the task of gleaning, sorting and assembling useful facts into some sort of cohesive explanation (a bit like doing background  for research). However, the most difficult response for me to swallow is the undiscovered thinker who often hijacks a discussion with his vision for the future – any problem can be solved by a wise computer administering the collective knowledge of mankind. This kind of person responds with a blustering “show me the research” to anyone who questions this idea. (Of course, there is no research to confirm what will occur in the future).

This difficulty is also found in digitally adept students now in higher educational. Collaboration has many been shown to provide many advantages to students, yet these students are hesitant to participate in on-line collaborative learning. [1]  Recently I read what Jaron Lanier, a computer scientist central to Web 2.0, had to say about using the “wisdom of the crowd” such as that found in on-line collaborations. Rather than resulting in “ever-upward enlightenment. It was just as likely, he argued, that the crowd would devolve into an online lynch mob.”[2] Using wikis, blogs and social media to educate a new generation may not turn out as wonderfully as some have envisioned. The wealth of information provided by the exchange of human knowledge available on the Internet is not the answer to everything. In fact the ideas expressed range from idiocy to brilliance just like everyday verbal communication.

[1] Chiong, Raymond & Jovanovic, Jelena. Collaborative Learning in Online Study Groups:  An Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective Journal of Information Technology Education: Research  Volume 11, 2012, p. 82.
[2] Rosenbaum, Ron. The Spy Who Came In From the Cold 2.0 Smithsonian, January 2012, Volume 43, Number 9, p.25

 

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To tell the truth

Posted on July 16, 2013 by knlistman

DSCN9574 c1When Adobe inadvertently made free downloads of Creative Suite 2 available, a student mentioned seeing it on Tumblr, but discounted it as one of those rumors so easily spread on the Internet. However, my own child was eager to have some version of graphic software that would work with a pen tablet received as a gift. So, I did my own research.

Unable to find information on Adobe.com. I checked Google. Forbes said the free download was not available. I sorted through recent posts on IT newsletters (some of my more reliable sources to deal with technology rumors) and armed with two links I was able to locate the actual page on Adobe.com. It explained that although this download might have trouble running on Windows 7, the software was available at no cost. So the gift of an out-of-date version of Adobe, was now available.

Often, I hear teachers bemoan students lack the ability to do research on the Internet,to sort opinion, rumor, fact and find what is important. I have seen much work in which students have pasted text from web sites without any form of organization, without citations, and obviously without fact checking. Anyone with access to a computer or mobile device can post on the Internet. However, I do not completely discount information on discussion board threads. If I had, I would have never found the Adobe.com page for downloading CS2

Teachers warn students to use only professional looking websites that list authors and site sources. Yet, edited magazines can often publish erroneously reported information. In 1998, now disgraced journalist Stephen Glass created a fake website to support fictitious claim in an article on computer hackers he wrote for the New Republic. The website was traced back to him, and brought his career to a halt. It turned out many of his prior articles contained the same kind of fiction.[1] Evidently, it is easier to write groundbreaking journalism using imagination than facts. Human attraction for shocking news often results in what is truly unbelievable.

The ease of contributing to the Internet has a side effect that makes finding verifiable posts more difficult. According to statistics on YouTube, three days of video are posted on YouTube every minute.[2] No one is going to be able to watch even one percent. With all those competing videos how do people make sure theirs are viewed? Show something unbelievable happening–it’s not that hard to fake. This clamoring for attention in the overwhelming flood of information is what clutters the Internet with half-truths and outright falsehoods. Students are not ignorant about this. They use the Internet heavily because it is easy, not because they believe everything on it. They learn to be cynical. What is true today, may be disproved tomorrow.

Students eventually need be able to judge Internet sites for themselves. This requires that they have knowledge obtained from other sources for comparison, ones that are peer reviewed or fact checked by editors. Students should read several Internet news stories in areas of their interest, matching these to what they already know in order to gauge the reliability of sites. Typically information found on only one site is suspect. However, with rampant unattributed copying, one fictitious piece of information can spread rapidly. For example, the Internet is thick with unsubstantiated quotes by Albert Einstein. So students should search back to the original source if possible.

All articles should have contributors identifying themselves and their sources. Even blogs and wikis that present individuals’ personal experience can be usable if the contributors provide profiles that can be triangulated (verified using other sources). If a person contributes anonymously or quotes others without proper attribution, they do not deserve to be considered creditable.

The Internet does not save time if what you find on it is false.

Artwork by S.L.Listman
[1] http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/archive/1998/09/bissinger199809 (accessed 16 Jan 2013)
[2] http://www.youtube.com/t/press_statistics (accessed 16 Jan 2013)

 

 

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Curating the precious clutter

Posted on July 13, 2013 by knlistman

AIC copyWhen I first walked into the archives of the Art Museum in Cincinnati, I had no idea that the amount of stored art out-weighed that available to the public. Shelves and drawers full of items that museum curators–those with expertise in art history—had determined  were not as valuable to the public as those on display. Showing every article that the museum possessed would overwhelm the museum patrons

Content curation is new buzz word for dealing with information overload. It to refers to the task of determining which of thousands of entries will be chosen and high-lighted as current news for people interested in specific topics–from fashions for women’s shoes, to use of allusions in movies, to politician’s statements on gun control.

Curation of data is something that human have been grappling with for eons. Look up at the sky and there are too many stars to keep track of, even with the limited visibility due to current light pollution. Yet, when thousands more were visible humans relied on knowing the position of specific stars in order to navigate and track time. And the early time keepers spent countless hours mapping the stars. Now we record videos of the sky recorded automatically by telescopes.

Human factors research has pointed out the irony of too much usable information. Tasks such as flying an aircraft become less safe at a point when the pilot reaches a state of cognitive overload from all the indicators (altitude, attitude,  fuel consumption, engine speed, engine temperature, wind speed, outside air temperature etc.) available to help him fly. Now most of us are facing problems with the limits of human ability to integrate all the data that a computer can display.

We must determine not only how to use technology, but also how to keep track of what is important to prevent overload. Most art museum curators have a masters or doctorate in art history to claim expertise. But we do not have a structure curriculum in Internet content curation.  The basic steps for dealing with the informational deluge are recording data and reorganizing it based on your own priorities. There tools for this, in addition to the use of machine learning, but first an large enough sample of adequate entries must be found to even begin the task of controlling the flood of data. There are two approaches:

1) Narrow the topic at beginning (based on input from a cross section of people) and describe a comprehensive picture of that topic.

2) Select a broad topic and retaining only the reference information until arriving at an intriguing aspect. Then, use that aspect to gather the details.

When collecting information for research in past I would attempt to select a narrow topic (for example, inequities in Internet access) and only to discard large amounts of data because I discovered a curious correlation (such as Internet access based on ethnic background in the United States) and decided to concentrate on it. My choice is option 2.

The next step is review and select a way to store and review information. Content curation is actually another technology to learn. A list of curation tools cited frequently in response to a recent inquiry on Quora include:

  • Amplify.com
  • Scoop.it
  • Pearltrees.com
  • Curated.by
  • paper.li

But perhaps I am over thinking this whole business of content curation. Maybe it is simply a fancy word for reposting, such as done by content curators on Pinterest. They simply repost what suits their fancy.

Photo montage from collection at Art Institute of Chicago

 

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Panning for e-gold

Posted on July 12, 2013 by knlistman

MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERASometimes finding information of real value on the Internet resembles the search for gold. A shiny nugget in the stream catches the eye of a lucky person and news spreads like wildfire. Soon crowds spend long hours filtering the water for the tiniest specks of gold dust. However, usually only a few find enough gold to make a living. It is the people who supply the food and equipment for the prospectors that strike it rich.

E-gold should be easier to uncover than attempting to find the real thing as depicted by the TV show Gold Rush. However, new ideas for using the Internet are quickly imitated or sometimes deceitfully lifted by claim-jumpers to make someone else rich. (Ever hear of the lawsuit filled life of Steve Zuckerberg? [1]) Search engines and social networks multiply because those companies that take on the mammoth task of helping us navigate and communicate with each other on the Internet tend to make the most profit.

Still, there are techniques for locating valued information. Internet searches help students practice use of Boolean logic and evaluate sites for reliability. Recently I was trying to help a person tackle the task for locating their own e-gold for creating instructions. My guidance to search for the most unique word in each objective to separate the shinier pyrite (fool’s gold) from the real thing. For example, if the name of the particular scientist was lacking, searching for “discovered DNA ” would bring a flood of ads by companies touting the advantage of DNA testing to discover your your own ancestry. Selling a product has become more important than disseminating information.

So I established a routine. Look in Wikipedia for the main item, and then search the page (using control-F or find function) to locate the other specific word(s). This worked until a person tried to fathom what biological discovery Barbara McClintock made with corn. The word “corn” appeared only in the caption of a photograph in McClintock’s biography.  My quick scan showed that “maize” was used instead.  However, this particularly talented Nobel prize winner had uncovered many things concerning recombination, ethnobiology etc. using maize that she would had to write an article to answer a simple question.

I you are trying to find data to support or disprove a particular theory there is a price to pay. An upper level biology student who wanted background information for an experiment using FCF Blue 1 to stain plant cells during growth found that research articles on the Internet were too expensive. According to Reddit co-founder Aaron Swartz who was indicted for hacking into JSTOR, this money is used to line the pockets of the corporations rather than the researchers.[2]

Getting beyond the pay wall is the new challenge for those doing research without the money to shell out for an adequate information database. We may be encouraging a new generation of hackers, the path followed by many including Steve Jobs [3].

Photo by Nate Cull, CC 2.0

[1]Wikipedia article Mark Zuckerberg (accessed February 5, 2013)
[2] Pearce, M. Reddit cofounder Swartz struggled with prosecution before suicide Los Angeles Times, January 15, 2013,
[3] Crawford, A. Origins, Smithsonian, February 2013, p. 15

 

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What is important?

Posted on July 11, 2013 by knlistman
Mesa_Verde_National_Park_MEVE6012

In high school speech class, when required to give an informative speech, I  described the  accomplishments of the Anasazi.  My teacher, whose pre-Columbian knowledge included a vague recollection of the Aztecs asked “What’s the point of your speech?  Why are these Anasa…. whatever, people important?”

I had been to Mesa Verdi and was impressed by their ability to build adobe apartment complexes and a road system over a thousand years ago. I did not mention my admiration of the Anasazi (it was not a persuasive speech) but detailed the advancements of this now defunct civilization. Essentially the teacher was asking a version of students’ perennial query “Why do I need to know this?” Even though it was an informative speech I should have voiced my opinion, but this probably would not have made any difference to my teacher.

I discovered that “importance” is really subjective – based on individual views. Instructors who despair because students seem unable to pinpoint valuable information within the overwhelming mass of data on the Internet must remember this. I tended to take a classicist view that compared people and events throughout time to create an understanding of the nature of mankind. My speech teacher wanted to know what made a difference to his current world. Students need to consider the different kinds of importance.  Classic knowledge, which can be more widely applied, deals with general information, becoming more important over time.                              general copy

That which is new or a current trend tends to provide information for only one type of environment or a very specific problem. Its importance fades over time.

specific copy

Measuring importance requires learning to balance the latest news with that which has proven useful over generations. The Internet is an excellent place to find trendy thing: a popular new fashion, escapades of a performer, the latest gross/scary news story, or a review of the newest mobile device. Each of those has a momentary importance, fading from view within a few days to a year. However, sites like Project Gutenberg have transformed the Internet into a kind of Library of Alexandria that allows people to view books that existed centuries ago.

As I watch our society’s mad dash for the cutting edge, I find a particular quote by C.S. Lewis to be quite applicable to the dilemma of determining relevance of events as they occur (Even though it was written concerning newspapers – not the Internet).

“Nearly all that a boy reads there in his teens will be known before he is twenty to have been false in emphasis and interpretation, if not in fact as well, and most of it will have lost all importance. Most of what he remembers he will therefore have to unlearn; and he will probably have acquired an incurable taste for vulgarity and sensationalism and the fatal habit of fluttering from paragraph to paragraph to learn how an actress has been divorced in California, a train derailed in France, and quadruplets born in New Zealand.”

Photo from National Park Digital Archives
Quote from Lewis, C.S. Surprised by Joy Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: 1955 p.159

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Breaking the game

Posted on July 10, 2013 by knlistman

breaking game (3)A lot of people spend time more absorbed in games more their work.  Aaron Dignan (owner of his own digital strategy company) proposes a solution for this decreasing productivity – “Make work more like play.” Restructure work so learning and producing are like playing a computer game. He has even examined why electronic games are addictive and suggests that businesses can harness this knowledge to get people to work more efficiently.  He purports that people are capable of so much more because they spend most of their time bored. If they revamp existence to be a game-like world, somehow the result would be greater fulfillment. [1]

Actually, for me this conjures up uncomfortable visions of a Skinnerian world in which we eagerly work for a place on the leader board or a steady dole of rewards. I enjoy the occasional distraction of games as a social activity, but vastly prefer playing with other live people. Electronic games provide a far less than adequate substitute for reality for me. In fact, I find it boring to play these by myself and would much rather be reading a novel if I had to kill time.

Weave a logistical problems into a legend that requires computation of battle plans to save a princess. The story-telling aspect would intrigue some and bore others. Then, there are ever competing people who would speedily memorize the most tedious facts for the sake of a place on the leader board. But the most challenging people to instruct through gaming are the ones that want to experiment with the games, because games are typically structured in a manner that lends itself to discovering how to win through convergent thinking, not creating one’s own world. I recalled every time  I use  an educational game in high school there are a few students that play with game trying to find its flaws rather than achieving any goals – like the one freshman who only tried to get the vocabulary app to recognize “inappropriate” words.

This was not the first case that I had seen of someone attempting to “break the game.”  My own children had turned the amusement park in Roller Coaster Tycoon into a kind of roller coaster death trap. Ironically the delayed popularity stats for “thrilling ride” would still go up momentarily after the first patron died if they built an roller coaster that went too beyond the safety limits. When games are no longer entertaining (and eventually they become that way for everyone) students amuse themselves by breaking the very thing that has engaged them for hours. I wonder what exactly they learn from doing that?

[1] Aaron Dignan: How to Use Games to Excel at Life and Workhttp://99u.com/videos/7091/Aaron-Dignan-How-to-Use-Games-to-Excel-at-Life-and-Work (accessed December 19, 2012)

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Not just any obsession 2

Posted on July 9, 2013 by knlistman

Human-SkeletoncWhen I interview students about possible career choices, they often have no idea. So I ask about their hobbies  and they tell me they like to play computer games.  I have some insights into courses they need to study for a possible career in creating games.  But many balk at the requirements to develop games. Playing them fun, taking math and computer science courses to develop games is too difficult. “Why can’t I just play games for a living?” they ask. “There are people that do that.” Of course there are, so I inquired if they have contacted any teams to tryout, because professional game players start young. Then, I ask what they plan to do for a living after reaching 25. Like any physical sport, professional gaming declines with age. Patrick Sättermon a professional Counter-Strike player, left career gaming by 27. Earlier he had said “At 26, my skill is my experience. But picking up a new game? I’ve lost that. I’m not the kid I was.”[1]

What I realized is that most students seclude themselves in front of a computer playing games not because they see how it will help them in the future. Rather it is the increase in dopamine, endorphins,  and adrenaline – the sense of pleasure and excitement – that draws them repeatedly to gaming.  Now gaming addiction is not officially recognized as a mental disorder. There are any number of ‘innocent’ activities that can turn into addiction – eating and shopping to name a few. So one cannot blame the electronic games. But there are things in the game design that increase this potential.

Most on-line games start out easy with a rather flat learning curve. The player quickly grows accustom to new character with limited ability and territory. After a stressful day at work or school, one can sit down at a game and know immediately what to do.  But the long term aim is for the characters to keep leveling up – gaining addition skills, equipment and range so that the familiar doesn’t become boring. Then, game design depends on the Skinnerian idea of intermittent rewards. The game is not completely consistent. Sometimes, characters performs below or beyond their level; the gamer keeps playing, hoping for another arbitrary “big win.”[2]

The most addictive effect of games  is the adrenaline aroused by the nature of battle. With increase adrenaline comes increased focus and physical agility and strength – the superhuman feeling that the gamer wants to keep returning to. Finally, there is the matter of status. There are different ways to reach this, number of wins, length of play. Length of game play as a status marker for serious gamer did eventually  cause some one to pay the ultimate price. A Korean player had been on a gaming all night when a waitress at the internet cafe last heard him talk. Nine hours later he was found dead, still reaching for the mouse. [2]

[1] Cheshire, Tom Career Gamers: Inside the world of modern professional gaming 04 July 2011
[2] Breeze, Meg A quiet killer: Why video games are so addictive 12 January 2013

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Not just any obsession 1

Posted on July 5, 2013 by knlistman

Human-SkeletonaRecall the Gameboy print ad? Released back when most teenagers still read magazines – a skeleton clutching a game console with the warning “Don’t forget to eat.” Electronic game playing had achieved the status of an addiction, so compelling one was in danger of forgetting basic needs. In my family  it wasn’t quite that bad. At numerous times I had to disable my son’s computer by removing the keyboard when he refused to cease gaming. However,  when computer use was unrestricted, my son would arise at noon, grab a stash of chips, raisin bread and orange juice, and then hunker down in front of his machine all day. He might wander into the kitchen at eight thirty in the evening, asking when dinner would be ready, only to learn that he had ignored the call to come and eat two hours earlier.

Curious, I asked what drove him to play computer games for hours. He claimed to be building a reputation as the leader of a StarCraft clan. He was deluding himself,  I thought. Who is going to be impressed by that?  But I just nodded as he continued to defend how this demonstrated leadership ability. Then, he wrote about this experience in his college essay,  pointing out that a number of universities had competing StarCraft teams – UC Berkeley even had a class designed around the game.[1] Due in part to family rules, my son spent more time with  homework than he did playing games  and did manage to get a modest engineering scholarship at a local university.  He is currently working towards a degree with the goal of game development, hoping to turn a obsession into a career.

Competition against others becomes a major force in most on-line games. According to my son, most gamers feel that if you are not playing against a live opponent,  you’re not really playing a game. What happens to those that lose this competition, when games are required for classes? When it comes to games for learning everyone wants to know if they can be designed to reproduce the addictive qualities of on-line games. I want to know if it is even wise to do so.

[1] Cavilli, Earnest, U.C. Berkeley Now Offers StarCraft Class, in Wired 29 January 2009

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